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The, possibly, erroneous assumption that these materials are monatomic is intimately involved with our theory about
how superconductivity works with what we call the ORMUS materials, as you will soon see.
According to conventional superconductivity theory, a material must be in a solid crystalline matrix in order to
become a superconductor. Type I superconductors are single element metals which are cooled to near absolute zero in
order to achieve this crystalline matrix state. Type II superconductors can achieve an appropriate crystalline
state at a much higher temperature (near the temperature of liquid nitrogen; still colder than any natural
temperature on earth). They do this by creating a sort of "egg crate" crystalline spacing using a variety of
elements in a molecular compound like yttrium, barium, copper oxide.
The reason that the crystalline matrix is required is because the electrons in the superconductor-candidate
material must be able to pair up into what physicists call "Cooper pairs". The Cooper pairing of electrons
apparently allows the electrons to store the energy, which is put into the superconductor, indefinitely.
I imagine that an electron Cooper pair is like a little circuit or storage battery which can store a very large
amount of energy.
As these Cooper paired "circuits" get charged up, an energy "field" grows around them. This energy field excludes
other fields (like magnetic) fields and, probably, gravity. What this means is that a " charged" superconductor
will exclude a magnetic field to the extent that the superconductor will levitate over a magnet. This is called the
Meissner effect and is used as the main indicator that superconductivity is occurring.
A crystalline matrix provides the proper spacing so that the electrons can pair up without forming chemical bonds.
With type I and type II superconductors this matrix is crucial.
A colleague postulated (in 1996) that the ORMUS elements can be single unit superconductors because their electrons
pair up within the single atomic or diatomic unit. You can read this colleagues description of his theory at:
http://www.OrmusMinerals.com/paranorm.htm#diatomic
When a group of particles "condense" into a single unified state capable of superconductor and superfluid behaviors
they become a special state of matter called a "Bose-Einstein condensate" (BEC). The BEC state in whole atoms was
recently achieved in the laboratory by cooling a group of atoms to within a millionth of a degree of absolute
zero.
The particles, which are capable of quantum behaviors like superconductivity and superfluidity, are called
"bosons". A boson must be composed of an even number of sub-particles. (particles with an odd number of sub
particles are called "fermions".) This means that a single unit superconductor must be a boson.
Since metallic gold, for example, is a fermion--with an odd number (79) of protons and electrons--it theoretically
could not become a monatomic superconductor. In order for a gold atom to become a single unit superconductor it
would have to form a Bose-Einstein condensate with at least one other gold atom. Of course, then it would not be
monatomic gold since two atoms of gold would be "condensed" into a single unit structure with 158 protons and
electrons.
You can read about how this principle was demonstrated with helium 3 on the American Institute of Physics web page at:
http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/helium3.htm
Here is the quote from that page:
"A superfluid is a liquid that flows without viscosity or inner friction. For a liquid to become superfluid, the
atoms or molecules making up the liquid must be cooled or "condensed" to the point at which they all occupy the
same quantum state. A liquid of helium-3, an atom whose nucleus is made up of an odd number of particles, is a type
of particle known as a fermion. Groups of fermions are not allowed to occupy the same quantum state.
By cooling the liquid to a low enough temperature, helium-3 atoms can pair up (left panel). The number of particles
in each nucleus adds up to an even number, making it a type of particle known as a boson. Groups of bosons can fall
into the same quantum state, and therefore superfluidity can be achieved. Helium-4 (middle panel), a boson, does
not need to pair up to form a superfluid; groups of helium-4 atoms condense into the superfluid state at about 2
degrees above absolute zero. Superfluidity, especially the kind that exists in helium-3, is analogous to
conventional low-temperature superconductivity, in which electrons flow through certain metals and alloys without
resistance. In a superconductor (right panel), electrons, which are fermions, pair up in the metal crystal to form
"Cooper pairs," bosons which can then condense into a superconducting state."
ORMUS gold has demonstrated superconductive properties in a non-crystalline form. You can see a short video that I
took of some ORMUS gold that we made from metallic gold at:
http://www.OrmusMinerals.com/levitate.avi
This video demonstrates magnetic levitation of particles of ORMUS gold. Since these particles are obviously not in
a rigid crystalline matrix we can take this as evidence that we have a bosonic form of gold (probably a condensed
di-atom or larger).
From this experiment and others I think that it is fair to presume that the ORMUS elements are non-crystalline
superconductors.
The magnetic vortex traps that I have designed also depend on the superconductive magnetic levitation of the ORMUS
elements. You can find several magnetic trap designs on my web site at:
http://www.OrmusMinerals.com/magtrap.htm
Since these magnetic traps work on water and air (which are both fluids) this is further evidence that these
elements are single unit superconductors which do not require a crystalline matrix. Therefore, we should probably
refer to them as type III superconductors.
Their magnetic levitation and gravity nulling properties appear to be related to what I call "spin coherence". You
can read my spin coherence "theory" at:
http://www.OrmusMinerals.com/patterns.htm
You can read more about why I do not believe that these substances are generally monatomic at:
http://www.OrmusMinerals.com/what.htm
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